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Kardiovaskulær vurdering av idrettsutøvere

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Sist revidert av:
  • Gjennomgående nivå 2 (god) dokumentasjon
  • Det finnes ikke randomiserte studier, dette er heller ikke planlagt. Noen har også reist spørsmål hvorvidt det er etisk riktig å unnlate å gjøre screening. De europeiske anbefalingene er basert på store prospektive studier og konsensus blant eksperter
  1. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Developed by the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2022. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262 DOI  
  2. Pellicia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 42: 17-96. pmid:32860412 PubMed  
  3. Pellicia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2019; 40: 19-33. pmid:30561613 PubMed  
  4. Maron BJ, Levine BD, Washington RL, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 2: Preparticipation screening for cardiovascular disease in competitive athletes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:2356. PubMed  
  5. Harmon KG, Asif IM, Maleszewski JJ, et al. Incidence, Cause, and Comparative Frequency of Sudden Cardiac Death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: A Decade in Review. Circulation 2015; 132: 10-19. pmid:25977310 PubMed  
  6. Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG, Sharma S. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes: a state-of-the-art review. Heart 2014; 100: 1227-34. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-093872.rep DOI  
  7. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli, Schiavon M. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competetive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA 2006; 296: 1593-1601. PubMed  
  8. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young competetive athletes. Analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States 1980-2006. Circulation 2009;119:1085-92. Circulation  
  9. Chevalier L, Haijar M,Dourd H, et al. Sports-related acute cardiovascular events in a general population: a French prospective study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 2009;16:365-70. PubMed  
  10. Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiomyopathies of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2023. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194 DOI  
  11. Shimamoto K, Ohno S, Kato K, et al. Impact of cascade screening for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia type 1. Heart 2022; 108: 840-847. pmid:35135837 PubMed  
  12. Mellwig K-P, van Buuren F, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Bjørnstad HH. Recommendations for the management of individuals with acquired valvular diseases who are involved in leisure-time physical activities or competetive sports. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008;15:95-103. PubMed  
  13. Screening af unge idrætsudøvere i Danmark Opdatering og vurdering, 2010. Dansk Cardiologisk Selskab Holdningspapir 2010. www.cardio.dk  
  14. Beckerman J, Wang P, Hlatky M. Cardiovascular screening of athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14: 127-33. PubMed  
  15. Chizner MA. The diagnosis of heart disease by clinical assessment alone. Dis Mon 2002; 48: 7-98. PubMed  
  16. Heidbuchel H. Screening for safe sports participation: do for yourself what you tell your patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16 (Suppl 2): S14-6.
  17. Baggish AL, Hutter Jr AM, Wang F, et al. Cardiovascular screening in college athletes with and without electrocardiography. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 269-75. Annals of Internal Medicine  
  18. Wheeler MT, Heidnreich P, Froelicher V, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pre-participation screening for prevention of sudden death in young athletes. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 276-86. Annals of Internal Medicine  
  19. Drezner JA, Asif IM, Prutkin JM, et al. Accuracy of ECG interpretation in competitive athletes: the impact of using standardized ECG-criteria. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:335-40. PubMed  
  20. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad H, Vanhees L. Preparticipation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal of a common European protocol. Eur Heart J 2005;26:516-524. European Heart Journal  
  21. Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. JAMA 2002; 287: 1308-20. Journal of the American Medical Association  
  22. Corrado D, Basso C,Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Heart 2000;83:5888-95. PubMed  
  23. Corrado D ,Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, Sharma S, Link M, Basso C, Biffi A, Buja A, Delise P, Gussac I, Anastakis A, Børjesson M, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Recommendation for interpretation of ECG in the athlete. Eur Heart J 2010;31:243-259. European Heart Journal  
  24. Solberg EE, Bjørnstad TH, Andersen TE, Ekeberg O. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening does not distress professional football players. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011. doi: 10.1177/1741826711410818.
  25. Børjesson M, Urhausen A, Kouidd E, et al. Cardiovascular evaluation of middle-aged/senior individuals engaged in leisure-time sport activities; position stand from the sections of exercise physiology and sports cardiology of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovas Prev Rehabil 2011; 18:446-58. PubMed  
  26. Uberoi A, Stein R, Perez MV, et al. Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in young athletes. Circulation 2011;124:746-757. Circulation  
  27. Migliore F, Zorzi A, Michieli M, et al. Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in Italian asymptomatic children with electrocardiographic T- wave inversion at pre-participation screening. Circulation 2012; 125:529-38. PubMed  
  28. Zipes DP, Link MS, Ackerman MJ, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: task force 9: arrhythmias and conduction defects. A scientific statement from The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;():. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.041. DOI  
  29. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. Introduction: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities - general considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1318-21. PubMed  
  30. Pelliccia A, Corrado D, Bjornstad HH, et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1422-45. PubMed  
  31. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 555-76. PubMed  
  32. Kaplan NM, Gidding SS, Pickering TG, Wright JT Jr. Task Force 5: systemic hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1346-8. PubMed  
  33. Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH, Børjesson M, et al. ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activities and competitive sports for patients with hypertension. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 2005;12:326-31. PubMed  
  34. Spanaki A, Giudici V, Hendry VJ, et al. Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (sads): Diagnostic yield of comprehensive clinical evaluation of pediatric first-degree relatives. Heart 2014; 100: A1|. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306118.1 DOI  
  35. Corrado D, Drezner J, Basso C, Pelliccia A, Thiene G. Strategies for the prevention of sudden cardiac death during sports. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011;18:197-208. PubMed  
  36. Maron BJ, Douglas PS, Graham TP, Nishimura RA, Thompson PD. Task Force 1: preparticipation screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1322-6. PubMed  
  • Ingard Løge, spesialist allmennmedisin, redaktør NEL

Tidligere fagmedarbeidere

  • Hans Halvor Bjørnstad, overlege dr. med, Hjerteavdelingen, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus og Sykehuset Telemark, Rjukan
  • Tor Halvor Bjørnstad, lege, Tynset legekontor